Understanding of Unix Programs

Q. W.a. p to accept any number of commands from the command line and execute them in the same sequence as they are provided.   Using system () call #include <stdio. h> #include <stdlib. h> Main (int arg c , char ** arg v) { Int I ; If  (argc ==  2) { Print f (“Usage :  ./a. out         <command 1>   <command 2> ………….”); Return ; }   For (I =1 ; argv [i] ; I ++ ) System (arg v [i] ); }   Output ./a .out ls date cal

1. out ass1.c ass2. C ass3. C cmd exec  cmd sys p1.c p2 thu Aug 12  00:28:23 1^st 2010

August 2010 Mon   tue wed  thu   fri  sat     

EX:- 1

# include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> Main () { Print f (“Before : process id  = % d , parent id = % d/n ”, get p id (), get  p pid ()); Print f (“Enter to call fork ”); Get char (); Fork (); Print f (“After  : process id  = % d , parent id = % d/n ”, get p id (), get  p pid ()); }   Output Before : process id = 2069 , parent id = 1835 Enter to call fork After : process id = 2071, parent id = 2069 After : process id = 2069, parent id = 1835 Main () 1835  Bash 2069  process        

Ex :-2

# include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> Main () { Print f (“Before : process id  = % d , parent id = % d/n ”, get p id (), get  p pid ()); Fork (); Fork (); Print f (“After  : process id  = % d , parent id = % d/n ”, get p id (), get  p pid ()); } Bash : 1835 Main () Process : 2156   Output: Before:           process id = 2156 ,  parent id = 1835 After  :           process id = 2158 , parent id = 2157 After  :           process id = 2157 , parent id = 2156 After  :           process id = 2159 , parent id = 2156 After  :           process id = 2156 , parent id = 1839 Last print f is using  common code, so it is called duplicate process That is sharing the common code by multiple process.   Observation 1. C Main () { Print f (“1 : %d %d /n”, get p id (), get p pid () ); Fork (); Print f (“2: %d %d /n”, get p id (), get p pid () ); Fork (); Print f (“3 : %d %d /n”, get p id (), get p pid () ); Fork (); Print f (“14: %d %d /n”, get p id (), get p pid () );   Output :-        

1	2470	2439
2	2471	2470
2	2470	2439
3	2473	2470
4	2474	2473
4	2473	2470
3	2470	2439
4	2475	2470
4	2470	2439
3	2472	2471
3	2471	1
4	2477	2471
4	2471	1
4	2476	2472
4	2472	1

       

1	2550	2439
2	2550	2550
3	2552	2550
4	2553	2552
4	2552	2551
3	2551	2550
4	2554	2551
4	2551	2550
2	2550	2439
3	2555	2550
4	2556	2555
4	2505	2550
3	2550	2439
4	2557	2650
4	2550	2439

     

1. Observation 2.c

# include <stdio . h> Main () { Int ret; Ret = fork (); If (ret = = -1) { P error (“fork ”); Return ; } Else if (ret = = 0 ) { Print f (“Exclusive child code /n ”); Exit (0); } Else { Print f (“Exclusive parent code/ n ”); Exit (0); } }       Output :- Exclusive child code Exclusive parent code

      ↓

Fork on success returns two values “Zero ” & “Non - zero” collected by child process

     ↓

Parent process   4.If memory is not sufficient then fork causes error  Race condition  in O.S If the out come of a multiprocessing environment involved with 2 tasks  “T1” & “T 2” , is different from then condition  is  occurred.

• Child process always run in background.
• Parent process  always run in background.

If the parent exited before child then it is called orphan. If the child exited but parent is running  it is “ZOMBIE” state.  That is exited value is not collected by parent.       The exit status must be collected only by wait (); wait (), will be discussed later.   W. a. p to execute an application which will be duplicated with four new jobs. That is total no. of jobs hence must be is (i) x  x +1  x +2  x +3. Hence two process should  not have common  parent id. #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> Main () { If (fork ()) {// parent process Print f ( “parent : entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); Sleep (11); Print f ( “parent : entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); } Else { //child 1 process If (fork ()) { Print f ( “child 1 : entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); Sleep (1); Print f ( “child 1 : entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); } Else { If (fork ()) {// child 2 process Print f ( “child 2 : entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); Sleep (3); Print f ( “child 2: entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); } Else {//child 3 process   Print f ( “child 3: entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); Sleep (2); Print f ( “child 3 : entered process id : % d, parent id + % d/n), get p id (), get p pid()”); } } }// end of ‘ else ’  paired with main ‘if’ }// end  of main   Output  

Parent : Entered	Process id =  3272	Parent id = 2439
Child 1 : Entered	Process id =3273	Parent id =  3272
Child 2 : Entered	Process id =3274	Parent id = 3273
Child 3 : Entered	Process id =3275	Parent id =3274
Child 3 : Exiting	Process id =3275	Parent id =3274
Child 2 : Exiting	Process id =3274	Parent id =3273
Child 1 : Exiting	Process id =3273	Parent id =3274
Parent  : Exiting	Process id =3272	Parent id =2439

              Output :-  

Child 3 : Entered	Process id =  2054	Parent id = 2063
Child 2 : Entered	Process id =2055	Parent id =  2053
Child 1 : Entered	Process id =2056	Parent id = 2053
Parent  : Entered	Process id =2053	Parent id =1858
Child 3 : Exiting	Process id =2054	Parent id =2053
Child 2 : Exiting	Process id =2055	Parent id =2053
Child 1 : Exiting	Process id =2056	Parent id =2053
Parent  : Exiting	Process id = 2053	Parent id =1853

    W. a. p to execute pwd , cal, date by child 1 , child 2 & child 3 with random delays and observe the sequence  of output #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> Main () { If (fork ()) { If (fork ()) { Int t ; Brand (get p id ()); T = rand () % 10 +1; Sleep (t); Execlp (“pwd”, ‘pwd ’, NULL); } Else { Int  t ; Brand (get p id ()); T = rand () % 10 +1; Sleep (t); Execlp (“cal”, ‘cal ’, NULL); } } Else { Int t ; Brand (get p id ()); T = rand () % 10 +1; Sleep (t); Execlp (“date”, ‘date ’, NULL); } } Here we can declare ‘t’ as  common local / global variable. It does not be a problem due to concept of “copy – on - write”. Output :- July 2011 SU   MO TU  WE  TH  FR  ST Sat Jul 284:05:34 1^st 201 /home /b59p2/UNIX/fork   Name # include <stdlib.h> Rand, rand –r, brand – pseudo- random number generator int rand (void) ; Int rand-r  (unsigned int * seed p); Void brand  (unsigned int * seed);   Return Value The  rand () and rand – r function return a value between 0 and RAND – MAX. The brand () function return no  value.

• The rand () function returns a pseudo- random number generator integer between 0 and RAND – MAX.
• The Brand () function sets its argument as the seed for a new sequence of pseudo- random number generator integers to be returned  by rand ()
• These sequence are repeatable by calling brand() with same seed value.
• If no seed value is provided , the rand () function is automatically seeded with a value of 1.