I/O Redirection with Examples

 I/O Redirection with Examples

• Sometimes you need to use the output from a command more than once. To accomplish this, you can redirect the output of commands using some neat command – line tricks.
• There are also a few characters you can use to direct or redirect output of commands. These characters are

>   ---->  Directs output to a file or device (override if the file exists) <     ---->   Directs Input from the file or device. >>    ---->   Appends output or text to a file (creates if the file doesn’t exist) |      ---->   pipes the output of one command to another. &&    ---->   combines commands .   STDIN              --          File Description (FD)   --          0 STDOUT           --          File Description (FD) --           1 STDERR           --          File Description (FD) --           2   Examples:       1) $cat file > backup $cat backup  --->   To verify 2) $cat > test2 < test2  --->    Input from the test1 $cat test2    --->     To verify 3) $cat test1 test2 test3         2> Error --->       File not exist $ cat Error         --->        To verify 4)  $cat sample test test3  > out –file 2>> error --->          File not exist     $ cat out- file   &  $ cat Error ---->  To verify    

• Echo : Outputs or displays a string

EX:       $echo “this is some sample text”

• To output some text to a file:

$echo “this is some sample text” > file_example $cat file_example                   To verify

• CUT: Divides a string or output.

Syn:  cut [option] file --- d     Specifies a delimiter --- f displays a particular field --- c displays a character.

• Displays the third field of the text using space as a delimiter:

$cut –d “”   -f3 file_example

• Displays third & fourth fields:

$cut   f3,4 file_example

• Displays 1^st to 5^th characters:

$cut   - c 1-5 file_example

• Past: To join two or more files horizontally by using delimiters
• To join two files horizontally:

$ paste states capitals AP        HYD MP       BOPAL KN       BANGLORE

• To join two files using delimiter:

$ paste  - d “ : ”States capitals AP        :           HYD MP       :           Bopal KN       :           Bangalore $Paste   --d  “ : ”  states capitals > example

• WC: Provides a word or line count

Syn: WC [options] file ---        l   lines ---        w  words ---        c   characters $WC Example                         Displays lines words and characters $WC    - l  Example                 only lines $WC    - w Example                only words.

• Diff: Displays different lines between two files

$diff file1 file2

• Cmp: It compares two files character by character.

$ cmp file1 file2 Note: If files are same it doesn’t return any output otherwise it displays line numbers and character position

• tr: It translate character by character.

$tr “aeiou” “AEIOU” <sample $tr “a-z” “A-Z” <sample          Translate lower to upper. $ tr “A-Z” “a-z” < sample                    Upper to lower $tr  -  s “  “  <sample   Squeeze $tr       -d  “aeiou” <sample         To delete aeiou $tr “,”  “\t” < sample           Replaced with tab space.

• A spell check: To check the spelling mistakes but not grammatical mistakes.

$a spell check sample $a spell check test

• Head: Displays top 10 lines of the file

$ head sample $ head -5 sample       Top 5 lines

• Tail: Displays last 10 lines of the file

$ tail sample $ tail  -5 sample         last 5 lines $tail  - f sample          file is open continuously

• Piping(|): Combine the two or more commands in to a single line.
• Here the first command output is taken as the next command input.

$ ls   - l/ wc – l $cat example / cut –d  “ “  - f3 file _ example $ cat example / head -20

• &&: combines commands

$ echo “ this is text file” > file_example && cut –f3 example $ cat file_example                 To verify $ echo “ My original text: >> file _example && cat file_example

• More: To see the contents of a file in the form of page wise.

$ more example

• Less: To display file contents in page wise. But we can go to all directions.

$ Less example Options:         f   ---->  forward direction B     ---->   Backward direction V     ---->  vi editor mode q     ---->  To quit à Tee: It is used to write the data into the files as well as on the screen. $cat sample / tee file1 file2 file3 $cat file1          To verify $cat file 2

• Sort: Sorts the output of a command or file.

Syn:  Sort [options} FILE --- R   ----> sorts in reverse order --- B   ----> Ignores leading blanks --- n   ----> compares according to numerical storing value

ASCII Values 0 - 9   => 48-57 A - Z   => 65-90 a- z   =>  97-122

$ sort example $ sort –r example                   Reverse order $ sort –n example                  Display numeric $ sort –u example                  unique lines $ sort  --f   Example                Ignores case

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• Uniq: Lists all the unique lines in a file or command output.

$ uniq example $ Uniq –u        Example                      Displays non duplicated lines $ Uniq –d        Example                      Displays only duplicated lines $ Uniq file_ Example > uniq_file && cat uniq – file

• In above command go view uniq lines in the sample file, create a new file based on the output, and view the contents of this new file,
• Sed (Stream editor): To search and replace strings or patterns in the given file
• Sed is a multipurpose filter command

Syn: sed “s/old string name/new string name/g” <filename> S   ---> substitution G à global occurrence in every line. $sed          “s/unix/linux/g” sample $sed          “s/unix/linux/gi” sample         Ignore case $sed          “s/unix/linux/” sample $sed          “s/˄unix/linux/gi sample $sed          “s/unix//gi sample                 Delete a word from a file $sed –e     “s/unix/sas/gi”    -e “s/linux/dba/gi”   sample $sed –n     “2p” sample                To print 2^nd row $sed –n     “3,5p” sample             To print 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th rows $sed –n     “IP >$p”    sample                        point 1^st and last rows $ sed ‘3d’ sample               Delete 3^rd row $sed          ‘2,5d’ sample              Delete 2 to 5 lines $ sed         ‘2,5 w file’ sample        It copies 2^nd to 5^th rows from sample file to file $ sed ‘=’ sample      To get line numbers.

• Regular Expressions (or) Regex (Grep):
• Globally research a regular expression & print
• To search a string or regular expression in a file(s)

Syn: grep [options] PATTERN FILE (S) $ grep root sample $ grep root sample example backup $grep root *          search all files in a current directory $grep  --i root sample                    Ignore case $grep  --c root sample                   COUNTS NO. OF LINES $grep –n root sample                   print the lines along with line no’s $grep –l root sample        list file names only he given pattern $grep –r root *           search the pattern recursively $grep –v root sample         prints non matching lines $grep –o root sample                    prints only the given pattern. $grep root sample  -- color        displays output in color $grep   “it technology” sample $grep “exam*” sample                      Prints start with exam pattern. $grep   “b[aeiou] ll” sample o/p:     ball bell bill boll   $grep   “b..d”              sample o/p:     band book ba#d bad-d Note:   “.” & “*” are wild card characters, it matcher any single character. $grep c[on]     example $grep [0-9]      example   Word pattern:   \<        /> Þ   word boundary \<             Þ   starting of the word \<             Þ   Ending of the word $grep   “/<root/>”      sample $grep   “\,root”           sample o/p: rootP Root 123O $grep   “root/>”          sample o/p:  rootP root123P xroot123O $ grep “\<[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]>”  sample 1025P 112O 1356P