SQL Overview

SQL tutorial gives unique learning on Structured Query Language and it helps to make practice on SQL commands which provides immediate results. SQL is a language of database, it includes database creation, deletion, fetching rows and modifying rows etc.

SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard but there are many different versions of the SQL language.

What is SQL?

SQL is structured Query Language which is a computer language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data stored in relational database.

SQL is the standard language for Relation Database System. All relational database management systems like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres and SQL Server uses SQL as standard database language.

Also they are using different dialects, Such as:

•   MS SQL Server using T-SQL
•   Oracle using PL/SQL
•   MS Access version of SQL is called JET SQL (native format ) etc

Why SQL?

• Allow users to access data in relational database management systems.
• Allow users to describe the data.
• Allow users to define the data in database and manipulate that data.
• Allow to embed within other languages using SQL modules, libraries & pre-compilers.
• Allow users to create and drop databases and table.
• Allow users to create view, stored procedure, functions in a database.
• Allow users to set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

SQL History

•  1970 -- Dr. E.F. "Ted" of IBM is known as the father of relational databases. He described a relational model for databases.
• 1974 -- Structured Query Language appeared.
• 1978 -- IBM worked to develop Codd's ideas and released a product named System/R.
• 1986 -- IBM developed the first prototype of relational database and standardized by ANSI. The first relational database was released by Relational Software and its later becoming Oracle.

SQL Process

When you are executing an SQL command for any RDBMS, the system determines the best way to carry out your request and SQL engine figures out how to interpret the task. There are various components included in the process. These components are Query Dispatcher, Optimization engines, Classic Query Engine and SQL query engine etc. Classic query engine handles all non-SQL queries but SQL query engine won't handle logical files.

Following is a simple diagram showing SQL Architecture: SQL Commands

The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and DROP. These commands can be classified into groups based on their nature:

DDL - Data Definition Language

Command	Description
CREATE	Creates a new table, a view of a table, or other object in database
ALTER	Modifies an existing database object, such as a table.
DROP	Deletes an entire table, a view of a table or other object in the database.

DML - Data Manipulation Language

Command	Description
INSERT	Creates a record
UPDATE	Modifies records
DELETE	Deletes records

DCL - Data Control Language

Command	Description
GRANT	Gives a privilege to user
REVOKE	Takes back privileges granted from user

DQL - Data Query Language

Command	Description
SELECT	Retrieves certain records from one or more tables