Multi Level Inheritance in C++

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MULTI LEVEL INHERITANCE

The mechanism of deriving a class from another derived class is known as multilevel inheritance in C++. e.g: Class base {      }; class dervied1: public base {         }; class deriverd2 :public derived1 {         };   Screenshot_27  

Multi Level Inheritance in C++ Example

# include <iostream.h> class person char name[10]; public: void read_name() { cout<<”\n Input Name”; cin>>name; } void print_name() { cout <<”\n Name “<<name; } class student:public person int rno; public: void read_rno() { cout<<”\n Input roll no”; cin>>rno; } void print_rno() { cout<<”\n Rollno”<<rno; }; clas student :: public Mca_student int sub1,sub2; public: void read_subjects() { cout <<”\n Input two subjects”; cin >>sub1>>sub2: } void print_subjects() { cout <<”\n Subject1”<<sub1; cout<<”\n Subject2<<sub2; }; void main() { Mca_student stud1; stud1.read_ stud1; stud1.read_name(); stud1.read_rno(); stud1.read_ subjects(); stud1.print_name(); stud1.print_rno(); stud1.print_subjects(); }    

Constructors in derived class

  • Constructors of any class are invoked only if an object of that class is constructed.
  • If the base class constructor is having argument which assigns value to the data members of the base class then it is mandatory to invoke the base class constructor.
  • But the derived class object cannot invoke the base class constructor directly.
  • In that case derived class constructor invokes the base class constructor.
  • The constructor of the derived class receives the entire list of the values and passes then to the base constructors.
  • Constructors of derived class calls implicit default or non parameterized constructor of base class.

#include <iostream.h> class base public: base() { cout<<”\n Inside base class constructor”; }; class derived :public base public : derived () {     cout<<”\n Inside derived class constructor”; }; void main() { clrscr(); derived d1; }  

  • Parameterized constructor of base class is called explicitly with in constructor of derived class. In this calling is done as a part of constructor header.
  • g:

#include <iostream.h> # include<string.h> #include<conio.h> class account { int accno; char name[10]; public : account(int acno,charn[ ]) accno=acno; strcpy(name,n); void pront_accno_name() { cout<”\n Account No”<<accno;   cout<<”\n Customer name”<< name; } Class saving _account: public account char cheq_fac; public: saving_account(int a, char n[ ],char c)): account(a,n) cheq_fac=c; void print_cheq_fac() { cout<<”\ n Chaqfac”<<cheq_fac; }; void main() { clrscr(); saving_account acc1(101,”abc”,’y’); acc1.print_accno_name(); acc1.print_cheq_fac(); } Non-parameter => implicitly Parameter=> Explicitly  

E.g:

# include<iostream.h> # include<conio.h> class base public: base() { cout<<”\n Inside non parameterized constructor of base class”; } base (int x) { cout <<”\n Inside parameterized constructor of base class”; }; class derived :public base public: derived ():base(10) cout<<”\n Inside non parameterised constructor of derived class”; derived (int x) // default constructor of base class cout <<”\n Inside parameterised constructor of derived class”; }; void main() { derived d1; derived d2(10); } Destructor in inheritance:

  • Complier called implicitly the destructor of base calls inside destructor of derived class.
  • Calling of base destructor inside derived class destructor is last statement.

    E.g: # include <iostream.h> # include <conio.h> class base { public: base() { cout<<”\n Inside constructor of base class”; } base () cout<<”\n Inside destructor of base class”; } class derived :public base{ public: derived() { cout<<”\n Inside constructor of derived class”; } derived() { cout <<\n  Destructor of derived class”; }; void main() { clrscr(); derived d1; }  

Member function overriding:

  • Redefining of base class member function inside derived class is called Member function overriding.
  • Writing member function inside derived class with same name, no.of parameters, types of parameter and order of parameters of member function defined base class is called member function overriding.
  • Member function override inorder to modify functionality of base class member function inside derived class.
  • If derived class wants to have different implementation of base class member function, it override base class function inside derived class.

    E.g: # include <iostream.h> class base { public: void fun1() { cout<<”\n Inside base class function 1”; }}; class derived :public base { public: void fun1(){ (Inherited from base class & used in derived class) cout<<”\n Inside overriding function”; }; void main() { derived d; d.fun1(); }   E.g:   # include <iostream.h> # include<conio.h> class person { Char name[10]; public: void read() { cout<<”\n Input name”; cin>>name; } void print() { cout<<”\n Name”>>name; }}; class customer :public person { int id; float credit_limit; public: void read() { person:: read(); cout<<”\n Input id”; cin>>id; cout<<”\n Input credit_limit; } void print() { person::print(); cout<<”\n Id”<<id; cout<<”\n Credit Limit”<<credit_limit; }}; void main() { clrscr(); customer cust1; cust1.read(); // overriding base class in derived class cust1.print(); }     O/p: input name desy input id 123 Input credit_limit Name desy Id 123 Credit_limit 1.37561   # include <iostream.h> # include<conio.h> class animal { public: void walk() { cout<<”\n animal walk”; }}; class dog:public animal { public: void walk() { cout<<”\n dog walk”; }}; class cat:public animal { public: void walk() { cout<<”\n Cat walk”; }}; void main() { dog d; cat c; d.walk(); c.walk(); }

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